Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other organs. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. In 2023, there were an estimated 10.8 million new cases globally, resulting in about 1.25 million deaths. The disease is especially prevalent in low and middle income countries, where overcrowded living conditions and limited healthcare access exacerbate its spread. TB leads to severe health complications, including respiratory failure and systemic infections, significantly affecting individuals' quality of life and economic stability.
Biomarkers are essential in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (TB). Key biomarkers include specific cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and uniqueantigens like ESAT-6 and CFP-10, which help identify active infections. Current diagnostic methods encompass rapid molecular tests, such as Xpert MTB/RIF, which deliver quick and accurate results, as well as traditional methods like the tuberculin skin test.
Treatment typically involves a regimen of antibiotics, including isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, administered over a period of 4 to 6 months. However, drug-resistant strains of TB pose significant treatment challenges, necessitating alternative therapies that are often more complex and costly.
Preventive measures are essential in controlling TB spread. Individuals at high risk, such as those with weakened immune systems, hould undergo regular screening and, ifnecessary, receive preventive treatment. Public health strategies include improving ventilation in crowded spaces, promoting good hygiene practices and ensuring access to vaccinations, particularly the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in high-burden countries.
In summary, tuberculosis remains a critical global health issue, with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Understanding its causes, effects and the importance of biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment is vital for effective management. Preventive measures and timely treatment significantly reduce the burden of this disease, highlighting the need for continued public health efforts and research.
