Ovarian cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, ranking as the eighth most common cancer among women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 313,000 new cases were diagnosed globally in 2020, resulting in approximately 207,000 deaths. The disease is often referred to as a "silent killer" due to its vague symptoms that may easily be mistaken for other conditions, leading to late-stage diagnoses. This cancer primarily affects women over 50, but it also occurs at any age, making awareness and early detection critical.

The exact causes of ovarian cancer remain unclear, but several risk factors have been identified. Genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, significantly increase the risk. Other factors include age, family history of ovarian or breast cancer, obesity and a history of endometriosis. Symptoms of ovarian cancer are often non-specific and may include abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, difficulty eating or frequent urination. Due to these ambiguous signs, many women do not seek medical attention until the disease has progressed to advanced stages.

Biomarkers play a crucial role in the detection and management of ovarian cancer. The CA-125 protein is commonly used as a marker, elevated levels may suggest the presence of ovarian cancer. However, it is not definitive and additional imaging tests, such as ultrasounds or CT scans, are often required for a conclusive diagnosis. Genetic testing for known mutations also aids in risk assessment and early detection, especially for women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer.

Preventive measures include regular gynecological check-ups, maintaining a healthy weight and considering oral contraceptives, which some studies suggest may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Women with a strong family history may also choose preventive surgeries, such as oophorectomy, to reduce their risk significantly.

Ovarian cancer is a formidable threat to women's health globally, with significant mortality rates due to late diagnosis. Understanding its risk factors, symptoms and the importance of regular screening and genetic testing empower women to seek timely medical advice. Awareness and education are essential in the fight against ovarian cancer, aiming to improve outcomes through early detection and preventive strategies.