Measles is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. It primarily affects children but may occur in individuals of any age. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), measles led to approximately 207,500 deaths globally in 2019, underscoring its potential severity. The disease causes serious health complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis and even death, particularly in malnourished children and those with weakened immune systems.
Measles is transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can survive in the air for up to two hours, making it highly contagious. Symptoms typically appear 10 to 14 days after exposure and include high fever, cough, runny nose and conjunctivitis. A characteristic red, blotchy rash usually appears 3 to 5 days after the first symptoms, beginning on the face and spreading to the rest of the body.
Biomarkers for measles include specific antibodies, such as IgM and IgG, which can be detected through serological tests. The presence of IgM antibodies indicates a recent infection, while IgG may suggest past infection or vaccination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests also detect viral RNA from nasal or throat swabs, providing a rapid diagnosis.
Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against measles. The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for children, typically administered in two doses: the first between 12 and 15 months of age and the second between 4 and 6 years. High vaccination coverage is crucial for achieving herd immunity and preventing outbreaks.
In summary, measles poses a significant public health threat due to its contagious nature and severe complications. Understanding its causes, symptoms and prevention strategies is vital in controlling outbreaks. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of measles prevention and global efforts must focus on increasing vaccination rates to protect vulnerable populations and eliminate this preventable disease.
